七月二十三日至七月三十一日歷史事件

07/25/1978 - 英國第一個試管嬰兒─露易絲•喬伊•布朗 (Louise joy Brown) ─於 Lancashire 的 Oldham 綜合醫院誕生。 她的母親曾經被醫師宣告她永遠不可能擁有自己的孩子。 這個成功的案例歸功於基因學家 Patrick Steptone 和兩位來自劍橋的博士： Robert Edwards 和 Barry Bavister。 他們發展出一種技術： 自母體的卵巢內取出一枚卵子，於試管內受精後，再植回母體的子宮內發育成嬰兒胚胎。
07/25/1978 - The first test-tube baby in Britain was born - Louise Joy Brown, at Oldham General Hospital, Lancashire. Her mother had been told that she would never be able to bear a child. The successful birth was a result of collaboration between gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and two Cambridge doctors, Roberts Edwards and Barry Bavister. They developed a technique by which an egg taken from a women's ovary could be fertilized in a test-tube and then returned to the womb to grow.

07/27/1694 - 英格蘭銀行於國會條文的支持下成立。 當英格蘭銀行成立之時，它只是一個由二十位員工組成的小規模組織。 但在成立十五年後，英國政府在一系列戰爭裡的大部分貸款，皆來自這間銀行。 英格蘭銀行搖身成為銀行界的龍頭。 因為在倫敦以外的地區，並沒有任何其他的銀行，到了 1810 年，在倫敦以外的地區，就有大約八百家的銀行成立。 因為皇家鑄幣場的效率不彰，這些銀行都自行鑄造自己的錢幣，儘管到了十八世紀末，英

格蘭銀行成為英格蘭貨幣供應的領袖。

07/27/1694 - The Bank of England was founded by Act of Parliament. When it was first established, the Bank of England was only a small organization of 20 people. 15 years after its founding the British government borrowed heavily from it to finance a series of wars. In return the Bank of England was given a monopoly in banking. With no branches outside of London "country" banks were formed, there were around 800 of these by 1810. Because of the inefficiency of the Royal Mint these banks all produced their own money, though by the end of the 18th century the Bank of England had become the guardian of money supply in England.

07/28/1858 - 指紋被威廉•赫斯契 (William Herschel) 首次用作辨別身分的工具，他並建立了指紋登錄系統。 赫斯契是一位英國駐印度官員，他住在印度一個當地居民會以指紋蓋印在法律文件的地方。 這個想法是因為當地居民認為，在一個人以身體接觸文件，如此嚴肅的儀式之下，可以減少欺騙的發生。於是赫斯契迅速了解到，指紋可以在犯罪案件和市政處理中，被用作身份辨識的一種方法。 亨利•佛德 (Henry Faulds) 博士是在大約同一時間，以指紋的辨識在日本偵破一起犯罪案件的第一人。
07/28/1858 - Fingerprints were first used as a means of identification by William Herschel, who later established a fingerprint register. Herschel was a British official living in India where he had the locals place their finger prints on legal documents. The idea was that the solemn ceremony of physically touching the document would deter cheating. He realized quickly that fingerprinting could be used as a method of identification for both criminal and civil affairs. Doctor Henry Faulds was the first man to solve a crime using finger prints at around the same time in Japan.

07/29/1588 - 西班牙阿瑪達 (Armada) 的艦隊被由福華 (Howard) 和達拉克 (Drake) 領導下的英國快艇於普萊茅斯 (Plymouth) 外海擊敗。 阿瑪達的艦隊包含了 131 艘船和 17,000 個船員。 它將進一步在法國俘擄16,000人，並侵略英國。 當阿瑪達在法國停泊時，達拉克派遣戰艦侵入定錨中的西班牙艦隊，迫使他們進入英吉利海峽，如此在該海域的英軍便可以小型快艇將阿瑪達擊潰。 往北逃逸的西班牙船員想在北方重新組隊反擊，但卻在愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭沿海被暴風雨摧毀。 67艘艦艇和 20,000 個船員全數失蹤，而英國沒有損失任何船隻，一百個船員全數無恙。

07/29/1588 - The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English fleet under Howard and Drake, off Plymouth. The Armada consisted of 131 ships and 17, 000 men. It was supposed to pick up a further 16,000 men in France to invade England. When the Armada docked in France Drake sent fire ships into the anchored Spanish ships panicking them into sailing into the English Channel. There the English, with smaller, faster ships, were able to pick them off. The remnants of the Armada fled north to regroup but were destroyed in a storm off the Irish and Scottish coasts. 67 ships and 20,000 men were lost, England lost no ships and only 100 men.
七月二十三日至七月三十一日歷史事件名人生日
07/28/1866 - 畢翠斯•波特 (Beatrix Potter) ─ 兒童故事 (彼得兔的故事) 作家─於英國誕生。 畢翠斯•波特在倫敦誕生，但她所寫的故事靈感卻是在她小時候和家人於鄉間旅遊時所啟發的。「彼得兔的故事」在 1902 年初版 25,000 份。 自此，畢翠斯•波特的童話世界成為世界上最受喜愛的兒童文學之一，並延續了超過一百年。 這本故事書全世界銷售超過一百萬份，並被翻譯成三十多種語言。 這本書以他高品質的彩色插畫聞名，而這些插畫，都是由畢翠斯•波特所繪製。
07/28/1866 - Beatrix Potter, England, children's author (Tale of Peter Rabbit) Beatrix Potter was born in London but her stories were inspired by her visits to the country with the family from an early age. The Tale of Peter Rabbit first appeared in 1902 with 25,000 copies printed. Since then the World of Beatrix Potter has become some of the most loved children's literature in the world and has been so for over one hundred years. The books have sold over one hundred milion copies world wide and have been translated into over 30 different languages. The books are reknowned for their quailty colour illustrations which were all done by Beatrix Potter.
七月二十三日至七月三十一日著名死亡
07/29/1833 - 威廉•偉伯佛斯 William Wilberforce ─ 提暢廢除奴隸制度的鬥士─逝世，享年74歲。 1759年，偉伯佛斯生於赫爾 (Hull) 一個富商家庭。 他在劍橋大學接受高等教育，並於畢業時被推選為下議院的保守黨員。 1784年，他開始為廢除奴隸交易的條文而奮鬥，但在1791年，他所提倡的草案卻很輕易地被凍結了。 直到1807年，廢除奴隸交易的草案才總算被通過。 到了1833年，不僅限於奴隸交易條文，在偉伯佛斯 去世後一個月，整個奴隸制度在大不列顛帝國皆被全數廢除。 32年後，也就是 1865 年，亞伯拉罕•林肯 (Abraham Lincoln) 才在美國廢除了奴隸制度，解放了黑奴。
07/29/1833 – William Wilberforce, slavery abolitionist dies aged 74. Born in Hull in 1759, a wealthy merchant's son, Wilberforce went to Cambridge University. On graduation he was elected to the House of Commons as a Tory. He started campaigning for the abolition of the slave trade in 1784 but his first bill was easily defeated in 1791. Not easily beaten his bill was finally passed in 1807. The total abolition of slavery in the British Empire, not just the trade, came in 1833, a month after his death. It was another 32 years before Abraham Lincoln freed all slaves in the United States of America in 1865.
單字
Test-tube
a.
 試管中製造的
Bear
vi.
 生孩子
Collaboration
n.
 共同，合作，共同研究，協調，援助，勾結
Monopoly
n.
 專賣(權)，壟斷(權)
Inefficiency
n.
 無效力，無效率，無能
Deter
vt.
 防止(生銹等)，阻止，防止
Remnants
a.
 殘餘(物)的,殘留的
Invade
vt.
 侵略，入侵
Reknowned
在次的出名
Abolitionist
n.
 廢奴主義者